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The first course in ISUOG's Cardiac Advanced Online Series, 'Malformation of the Fetal Semilunar Valves', will take place on Saturday September 12th 2020. 

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Aortic Stenosis

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* 3. Mild isolated Aortic Stenosis in seldom identified prenatally

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* 4. In mild Aortic stenosis the 4- Chamber view of heart is generally normal

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* 5. In most cases the diagnosis of Aortic stenosis is made upon colour examination of the 5- Chamber view of heart

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* 6. Post stenotic dilatation may occur and in some cases and may extend up to the transverse aortic, and thus be appreciated on the 3 vessel and/or 3-Vessel tracheal view

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* 7. The finding of normal aortic color and pulsed Doppler flow at 18-20 weeks does not exclude the diagnosis of aortic stenosis

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* 8. Mild isolated Aortic stenosis is rarely associated with aneuploidy

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* 9. Associated cardiac abnormalities occur in up to 20% of cases

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* 10. If karyotyping is offered, consider screening for Williams (deletion 7q11.23)

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* 11. In mild aortic stenosis there is an increased risk of Turners syndrome which typically occurs in the setting of a bicuspid aortic valve.

 Pulmonary Stenosis

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* 12. Pulmonary stenosis is one of the most common congenital heart lesions yet seldom identified at prenatal screening

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* 13. In pulmonary stenosis, most cases are not evident at 18-20 weeks but rather detected in the third trimester of pregnancy

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* 14. A diagnosis of Pulmonary stenosis before 24 weeks, in general, carries a worse prognosis

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* 15. Most cases of Pulmonary stenosis are not detected at the neonatal check but rather > 4 weeks after birth

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* 16. If a previous pregnancy is affected with Pulmonary stenosis then the chance of recurrence is 1: 50

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* 17. In fetal pulmonary stenosis aneuploidy is rare and thus there are little grounds for offering amniocentesis

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* 18. In Noonans Syndrome, the commissures are typically nodular and not fused

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* 19. In twin to twin transfusion syndrome, pulmonary stenosis is commonly seen in Donor twin

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* 20. In isolated Pulmonary stenosis a reverse ductus venosus 'a wave' is a good predictor of neonatal outcome

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* 21. Fetal Pulmonary stenosis frequently progresses to pulmonary atresia with intact septum?

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* 22. Pulmonary Stenosis seen in Tetralogy is more commonly infundibular than valvular

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